While no mask is 100% effective (even N95s are only tested to filter > 95% particles at 0.3 microns), even masks with only 80% filtration efficiency offer meaningful protection, according to Dr. Marr. This goes a long way towards reducing the chances of infection.
Perhaps most importantly, Dr. Marr also addresses the misconception that masks filter like sieves - which they do not. Filters are not like sieves, and we discussed this in an article published on this blog.
Marr also states that all masks - even cloth masks - do something to reduce our chances of catching and spreading airborne illnesses. While they are far less effective than high-filtration masks and respirators, they are better than nothing.
If you’re interested in learning more, you can find the full interview with Linsey Marr on 60 Minutes Overtime.
]]>A Colorado State University team study found that VOCs deposited inside by wildfire smoke can be released into the air again days or even weeks after the smoke has passed. This has serious implications as it means that VOCs can still impact your health even when the threat has seemingly passed.
Luckily, there are actions we can take to ensure our indoor air is clean from these harmful particles. The study investigated a range of cleaning methods and found that dusting and vacuuming can reduce the levels of indoor air pollutants left by wildfires.
This highlights the importance of performing a ‘deep clean’ after your area has been affected by wildfire smoke. While air purifiers are a good step towards removing any pollutants from the air that enter your house, they won’t filter the particles, which settle and only become airborne again when disturbed. To remove these, your best bet is to thoroughly vacuum and dispose of the waste properly.
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While the study focuses on Australia, these benefits carry over to cities, regions, states, and countries that also improve their air pollution. With this many benefits, improving air quality can’t be overlooked.
Read more on The Conversation.
]]>COVID-19 and other airborne illnesses are still present this school year, and we’ve even seen significant increases in the prevalence of COVID-19 in wastewater. This shows the potential for a new COVID-19 wave, and children are some of the most exposed to the virus.
While children tend to be less susceptible to the severe impacts of the virus, they can also pass the virus to other family members who might be more at risk. Furthermore, we still don’t completely understand the impacts of the virus, and it’s important to minimise our chances of catching it whenever possible.
Looking past COVID, much of the U.S. and Canada still feel the impacts of wildfires spreading smoke throughout the countries. This haze is another reason that masks are so important for back-to-school this year.
Whether for allergies, wildfire smoke, or airborne illnesses, protecting our youngest family members as they return to school for the new year is important. Not only are you safeguarding their health, but you’re giving them the best chance at a successful school year.
]]>To gather data for the report, a team used a consumer-grade carbon dioxide monitor (the Aranet4 Home) to gather carbon dioxide concentration data on 30 bus trips and 15 train trips in three different cities. The data was gathered during the autumn and winter months.
As expected, the study found that carbon dioxide levels steadily rise as occupancy increases, and there was a statistically significant difference in carbon dioxide levels on buses and trains with higher and lower occupanc.
The findings of the report are telling, with buses and trains with ≥ 50% occupancy having poor ventilation 94% and 77% of the time, respectively. Worryingly, even with this poor ventilation, very few passengers were masked (2.6%-10.6%). These low masking rates are concerning considering the high transmission chance of airborne illnesses in these settings.
So, what can we conclude from the findings of this report? While it was isolated to a relatively small sample of public transport in New Zealand, the findings can be applied in public transport settings all around the world. Firstly, better ventilation is needed on trains and buses. Secondly, individual actions such as mask-wearing are still as important as ever.
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Air pollution has been linked to depression, anxiety, and even suicide rates. While more investigation into these links is needed, it’s more apparent than ever that air pollution is incredibly harmful to not only physical health, but also mental health.
Recently, wildfire smoke has exacerbated the air pollution issue in much of the U.S. and Canada. With many of the same pollutants as urban air pollution, wildfire smoke can be extremely dangerous as it contains these pollutants in far larger quantities.
For example, urban air pollution and wildfire smoke contain nitrogen dioxide, ozone, PM2.5 and PM10 - all compounds found to be detrimental to mental health. The issue is that while wildfire smoke exposure is generally shorter-term, the increased concentrations of these compounds can lead to short-term impacts.
The Washington Post goes into more detail about the body’s response to air pollution and how this impacts mental health, and we recommend reading it for more details. However, for now, one thing is clear - the dangers of wildfire smoke are physical and mental.
]]>Generally, medical waste refers to anything used and discarded during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals, as well as research activities involving biological substances, including:
During the challenging times of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the significant concern about medical waste has become more pressing and has reached common people's homes through the rampant use of disposable face masks and at-home self-testing kits.
Disposable face masks have been widely used as a preventive measure to reduce the transmission of the coronavirus. These masks are typically made of materials such as polypropylene, which is not biodegradable and can pose a threat to the environment if not disposed of correctly. Similarly, antigen tests, commonly used for rapid COVID-19 testing, generate medical waste in the form of used test kits and associated protective gear.
Correct medical waste disposal reduces sharps injuries, which pose a high risk of transmitting bloodborne pathogens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). If a healthcare worker or individual comes into contact with a contaminated sharp, there is a chance of contracting these infections. It is estimated that sharps injuries are responsible for a significant number of healthcare-associated infections worldwide.
Medical waste contains hazardous materials that can contaminate the environment if not disposed of properly. Pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and biohazardous substances can leach into soil and water sources, affecting ecosystems and potentially entering the food chain. By ensuring proper disposal, we reduce the risk of environmental contamination and its associated consequences.
Healthcare workers, waste handlers, and individuals involved in the collection, transport, and disposal of medical waste are at higher risk of sharps injuries and exposure to infectious diseases. These can have serious consequences, including physical harm, emotional stress, and potential long-term health issues. Occupational safety should be a priority to protect workers from such injuries and associated infections.
Injured or sick healthcare workers may require medical attention, resulting in increased healthcare costs and potential work absences. These injuries can also affect staff morale, productivity, and the overall quality of patient care.
Adhering to standardized medical waste disposal helps prevent cross-contamination between different waste streams. By segregating and disposing of medical waste separately, we reduce the risk of contaminating regular waste and recycling streams. This segregation ensures that waste is managed appropriately, protecting the health of waste handlers and promoting effective recycling practices.
Last but not the least, prioritizing proper medical waste disposal reflects our ethical and social responsibility towards the environment, public health, and future generations. By managing medical waste responsibly, we contribute to a safer and healthier society, demonstrating our commitment to sustainable practices and community well-being.
Since the advocacy of proper medical waste disposal is a mammoth of an issue, it’s easy for anyone to assume that you’re helpless about it and there’s nothing you can do to change the situation unless you’re not working in the government or the medical field. But believe it or not, small everyday habits can go a long way. Here are some important considerations to effectively manage medical waste at home and reduce its impact.
While cloth masks have these advantages, it's important to note that they require proper care and maintenance. Regular washing and drying at high temperatures are necessary to maintain hygiene and effectiveness. Additionally, cloth masks should fit snugly, cover the nose and mouth fully, and be worn consistently with appropriate hand hygiene practices to provide optimal protection.
Recognizing and raising awareness on this crucial issue is one step closer to achieving adequate safety measures to protect everyone in the community from the dangers of medical waste. However, it requires the joint effort of everyone in the healthcare field and the federal government and the proactiveness of private individuals. You, too, can do your part in minimizing the risks linked to medical waste at home. The simple act of opting for reusable face masks instead of disposable face masks, which can take 450 years to decompose, can already make an incredible difference.
]]>The reason for this is twofold. On the one hand, fireworks are becoming harder to source, and relying on these technologies is easier. It’s likely also cheaper in the long run to purchase these reusable systems than to rely on fireworks with only one use. However, the second reason is more important - to prevent worsening air quality and remove the potential for more wildfires.
It’s not common knowledge, but the 4th of July is the most polluted day of the year in many areas around the United States. While fireworks are often a dazzling display of vibrant colours and stunning visuals, they are incredibly polluting, and some fireworks displays decrease air quality to similar levels as wildfire smoke.
Research has found that there is a 42% increase in PM2.5 after the July 4th fireworks displays. This air pollution can persist until as late as noon the following day. For this reason, it’s always best to view the displays from afar (however, wind can cause the pollution to spread quickly).
Of course, with fireworks comes the increased chance of more wildfires as debris land in nearby fields and forests. Even the most controlled displays have the chance to go awry, and with Canada already experiencing the worst wildfire season on record, there’s no room for that risk.
While it’s important to celebrate holidays such as Independence Day, fireworks may not be the way to go about it. If you are viewing fireworks from up close, make sure to wear a mask to protect yourself from severe air pollution.
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While it’s obvious that air pollution is hazardous to health and that measures should be taken to avoid it, it’s hard to visualise or explain exactly how much it impacts us. However, some recent infographics make the impacts of recent pollution far easier to understand.
Based on research from Berkeley Earth, we can quantify the level of air pollution as an equivalent in cigarettes. Since we are all well aware of the dangers of smoking, discussing air pollution in this form is more relatable for many - even non-smokers.
Websites such as Sh**t I Smoke provide an easy way to quickly visualise your local air quality in a cigarette equivalent. There is also an accompanying app for anyone who would prefer to check the air quality on their smartphone.
Angie Cibis, a graphic designer, recently used this information to create an infographic showing the cigarette equivalents of the recent wildfire smog. On June 7th, New York saw pollution levels equaling smoking 37 cigarettes - that’s almost two packs!
The maroon level on the U.S. EPA’s AQI only equals around 11 cigarettes or half a pack, showing how severe the wildfire smoke is. Going outside in New York City at peak levels would equate to smoking one and a half cigarettes per hour.
With the impacts of wildfires looking to continue for the duration of the summer season, it’s more important than ever to ensure you are prepared with high-filtration, breathable masks.
]]>Like all major cities, we expect these two cities to suffer from air pollution. However, what’s surprising is the severity of the toxic haze currently blanketing much of the northern and north-eastern United States. What’s causing this smoky haze? Wildfires across the northern border in Canada.
According to the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre, over 400 wildfires are currently burning across the country. Out of these 400 wildfires, over half of them are currently considered out of control. Unfortunately, the wildfires are only expected to worsen over the coming summer.
The wildfires are most severely impacting Quebec, which is home to over 150 active fires. The blazes are so severe that tens of thousands of people have already been evacuated, and others are being warned to stay inside and shut in to prevent ash and dust from entering.
Large Canadian cities such as Toronto are also seeing very severe levels of air pollution, meaning millions are being exposed to the toxic air emitted by uncontrolled wildfires. In these cities, the photos show some of the most dangerous air pollution ever witnessed.
If you are in an area affected by the current wildfires, it’s more important than ever to take precautions to protect your lungs and body. Wherever possible, stay indoors with closed windows. If you have an air purifier, use it to filter any ash particles that may still enter your living space.
If you must go outside, make sure to wear a high-filtration respirator such as an N95 or (proven) KN95. Ensure it fits well and perform a self-fit test before leaving your home to make sure you are best protected as possible. Even if you’re not in a sensitive group, air pollution levels this severe can have major health impacts.
Even in cities located far from the blazes, such as New York, the current air conditions are expected to persist until the end of the week, if not longer.
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The study, which was carried out in Boston, found that living near busy roads can have a strong impact on mental health issues such as depression. Correlations were found with various pollutants, including PM2.5, ozone, and NO2 - with PM2.5 and NO2 generally having increased concentrations near busy roads.
The study focused on participants over the age of 64, but other research has indicated these results are not restricted to this age group. All three monitored pollutants increased the risk of depression and late-life mental disorders. Other studies have also highlighted the increased risk of dementia from exposure to air pollution.
While this study might not highlight a new issue, it emphasises the need for more awareness of air pollution, its hotspots, and its health impacts. While we don’t all have the ability to choose where we live, it also shows the importance of taking measures to clean the air if you live near a busy road or other air pollution hotspot.
While we already know that carbon dioxide concentrations can impact the absence rates in a classroom, this new study takes a more in-depth look at the impacts of PM2.5 on illness-related absences.
The findings are telling, as they found that each extra 1 L/s per person increase in ventilation rate and every 1 μg/m3 increase in indoor PM2.5 were associated with a 5.59 decrease and a 7.37 increase in days with absences per year. Turning these numbers into percentages, that is a 0.15% increase and 0.19 % decrease in the annual daily attendance rate.
Coupled with what we already know about carbon dioxide and its impacts on classroom attendance rates, these studies show just how important ventilation is in classrooms. Not only can better ventilation lead to better productivity and exam scores, but it can also lower absence rates which can have far-reaching impacts.
If you’re interested in reading more about this study, you can do so here.
]]>One recent study that garnered much attention was the Cochrane review which assessed multiple randomised controlled trials. The author of the study concluded there is no evidence masks make any difference - a conclusion which drew the attention of the Cochrane Library’s editor-in-chief, who had to state the conclusion was not an accurate representation of what the review found.
The Cochrane review is not the first report to come to such a conclusion as RCTs (randomised controlled trials) have made similar claims in the past. For example, an RCT from late last year claimed that N95 respirators were no better than medical or surgical masks for healthcare workers.
The Scientific American article then goes on to discuss the flaws of RCTs. In medicine, there is a hierarchy of evidence in which different forms of evidence are given different weights. At the bottom, observational studies can be found. Above these, RCTs, and above these, systematic reviews of the RCTs - this is what the Cochrane review was. These systematic reviews compile a range of clinical trials to give more conclusive statements.
While common in medicine, these trials and reviews are rarely used in engineering and other fields because there are more accurate and precise ways to model data without the need for such trials.
This is the same with masks, respirators, and filtration. There is ample evidence they work, and we already know the answers to questions such as ‘Does a mask protect me from an aerosolised virus?’. While people may wear masks incorrectly and have limited protection, no randomised trial could conclude that masks don’t work.
There are standards for respiratory protection (such as NIOSH’s N, R and P classifications), which are backed by decades of evidence. Respiratory protection is trusted and effective in many industries, from mining to chemical processing.
There is no denying that masks do work. While the efficacy is impacted by a wide range of variables, no RCT or systematic review can prove otherwise because we have ample evidence of their effectiveness from decades of research.
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Overall, nearly 120 million people in the United States are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution and the vast majority of the most polluted counties are located in California.
Despite decreases in air quality and air pollution-related deaths over the past five decades, there is an increasing disparity in air quality levels between the east and west coasts of the country. This is largely due to the increasing prevalence of wildfires along the western coast.
Old urban pollution hotspots such as New York have improved air quality and have since been surpassed by Pittsburgh and Lancaster in Pennsylvania, which are now the most polluted metropolitan areas in the east of the United States.
While overall air quality levels have improved since the 1970s due to more stringent air pollution policies, air pollution continues to threaten the health of over 100 million people, including 24 million children.
The report also highlights the impact of air pollution on people of colour, with 54% of the 120 million impacted people being people of colour despite only making up only around 40% of the overall population.
This report highlights a few important factors regarding air pollution that need to be considered. Firstly, it isn't an issue isolated to developing countries, and secondly, while air quality levels are improving in many areas, much work remains to be done.
]]>The research found that COVID-19 is currently the 8th leading cause of death among children in the U.S. In total, the virus accounted for around 1300 deaths among children and youth 0-19 years of age.
While we've known COVID-19 to have had a significant impact on adults, as it now accounts for over 940,000 deaths in the U.S., these new findings highlight the disease's impact on the younger population.
The study used data collected between the 1st of August 2021 and the 31st of July 2022. Overall, COVID-19 was the 8th leading cause of death for those under 19 years old and the 5th leading disease-related cause of death. It was also the leading cause of death by respiratory viruses.
Within the 0-19 age group, the older age groups saw more of an impact from COVID-related deaths. For example, children under 4 saw COVID as the 7th leading cause of death, while the virus became the fifth leading cause of death for 15-19-year-olds.
Compared to other age groups, the overall risk of death for youth and children was substantially lower. However, the statistics also show the importance of continued protection and distancing measures to keep not only younger members of society safe but everyone.
One particular quote from the article stands out: "If you look at infectious diseases in children in the US historically, in the period before vaccines became available, hepatitis A, rotavirus, rubella, and measles were all major causes of death. But when we compared those diseases to COVID-19, we found that COVID-19 caused substantially more deaths in children and young people than those other diseases did before vaccines became available; this demonstrates how seriously we need to take COVID-19 prevention and mitigation measures for the youngest age groups in the US and worldwide." (Professor Robbie Parks of Columbia University).
Masking is still the best way we can protect both ourselves and our children when out and about. While masks aren't perfect (we don't like wearing them either!), they're the best method we currently have to keep our younger family members safe from COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses.
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An article from the Natural History Museum in late 2022 highlights how much damage disposable face masks have done to the environment. Worryingly, these impacts will continue affecting us for tens if not hundreds of years.
The best example of how widespread mask waste has become is how accustomed we have become to seeing blue surgical masks strewn across roads, beaches, and forests. Where before seeing a disposable mask would have caused pause, we now treat them as we do cigarette butts or plastic bottles - not worth a second glance.
This prevalence of mask waste has caused masks to contribute to as much as 1% of all dumped litter globally and 5% in the UK. While these numbers may sound small, it’s important to note that masks have a significant environmental impact as they can entangle birds and other small wildlife. Furthermore, disposable masks and respirators break down relatively quickly into micro and nano plastics.
Studies have found that 83% of pandemic waste incidents involved birds. Following birds, 11% of sightings involved mammals, 3.5% invertebrates and 2% fish. Overall, entanglement accounts for about 42% of the impact of pandemic waste on wildlife.
While these sightings show the current impacts of mask waste on the environment, we now have to deal with the long-term impacts. Masks are estimated to take 450 years to decompose, and the long-term impacts of the vast amounts of mask waste from the pandemic are unknown.
Whatever the findings, these studies show the need for reusable and washable masks. For respiratory diseases and air pollution, masks and respirators are our best line of defence, so we must use reusable masks to cut down on waste.
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Outside of designing protective products, we've also done our best to provide free-to-access resources to raise awareness around what we consider to be one of the most pressing health concerns we face globally.
With World Health Day just around the corner, we wanted to bring attention to this health concern which we feel is often overlooked - air pollution.
Air Pollution impacts 99% of the world’s population, and it has a greater impact on global health than smoking, war, or HIV.
Although it’s easy to pass off air pollution as something that doesn’t impact us personally, it’s a global issue which is damaging our health whether we know it or not.
Despite having such a major impact on the individual level as well as economic and social levels, air pollution still doesn't garner the attention it deserves and needs.
Why do we believe air pollution is an issue that need more attention? Here are just a few reasons:
When we discuss air pollution, we often hear the response that 'air pollution and its health impacts are unavoidable'. However, this is not true - on a societal level we can combat air pollution and on a personal level we can learn how to protect ourselves.
Although the current state of global air quality may seem bleak, there are also many success stories from countries and cities that have vastly improved their air quality and, therefore, the health of locals.
How can we protect ourselves?
It is clear from the above that many of us unfortunately just cannot avoid polluted areas, being aware of air pollution and the harm it can cause is the first step.
One easy way to reduce your exposure is to avoid exercising outdoors when pollution levels are high. Since we inhale more air when active, exercise is a particularly high-risk activity during high pollution days. So, if possible, find an indoor venue or avoid exercise until pollution levels are lower.
Most of the health dangers of air pollution have been directly attributed to fine particle concentrations. When in these areas, it’s recommended to ensure that you have certified well-fitting ace masks ready to protect you and your family.
The first thing to look for is the certification that a mask holds. The most common certificates are N95, KN95, KF94 and FFP2. All of these certifications are roughly equivalent but are from different regions
Nobody likes wearing a mask and It is therefore beneficial to find a mask that balances filtration, fit and comfort. AirPop masks designed with these three of these pillars in mind. AirPop masks are certified KN95 and provide filtration in excess of the standard.
They are also highly breathable and comfortable to wear even after long periods, with flexible nose seals, adjustable ear loops and a dome shape to keep the mask off your face for easier breathing and speaking.
For air pollution especially, reusable masks with replaceable filters are a fantastic choice. These masks tend to be cheaper in the long run and are also more environmentally friendly.
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The article is headlined by one astounding fact - every minute, 3 million facemasks are thrown away globally. Or, at least, they were during the peak of the pandemic. However, this number must be lowered even a year after the article was released as disposable facemasks continue to be widely used.
During early 2022, it was estimated that 129 billion facemasks were used every month, a truly staggering number. If you walked around any large city at the time (or even now), you certainly would have encountered the all-too-common blue surgical masks strewn over streets and even in bushes and trees.
However, despite the environmental damage, masks were and still are our first line of defence against the virus. As a necessity, how can we avoid this environmental catastrophe? The answer is simple: reusable masks.
Business Insider reports that the plastic industry waged war against reusable masks to make them seem dirty, unhygienic or dangerous. At the same time, disposable masks were paraded as clean, hygienic, and safe. This matter peaked in mid-2020 ‘when the president and CEO of the Plastics Industry Association testified before Congress to argue that single-use plastic was a pandemic health necessity’.
Although attention during the early pandemic was primarily focused on the pollution we can see, we’ve since discovered disposable masks are even more harmful. It’s now been proven disposable masks emit micro and nanoparticles of plastic, which further pollute waterways and can even make it into drinking water.
The answer to the issue is obvious - high-performance masks offering long-term reusability to reduce mask waste significantly. However, even years after the lies of disposable masks were first spread, we still feel the impacts as there is a common perception that reusable masks are unhygienic or simply don’t perform.
The study was carried out using data from 2000 to 2019 and focused exclusively on PM2.5 (often called fine particles). While the study was limited in the pollutants tracked, the outlook for PM2.5 concentrations paints a grim picture.
The report goes a step further to say that in 2019, only 0.001 percent of the global population was exposed to ‘safe’ levels of PM2.5 (as deemed by the WHO). Currently, the WHO upper limit for ‘safe’ concentrations is 5 micrograms of PM2.5 per cubic metre. We say ‘safe’ because any level of air pollution can cause health impacts.
If you’ve been staying up to date with the news we share on AirPop, you may be surprised to hear this stat - after all, isn’t air pollution improving in many areas worldwide? Yes, it is. Pollution levels have dropped in North America and Europe but have also increased in other regions such as Australia, New Zealand and Southern Asia.
It’s also important to remember that while pollution levels are decreasing in many countries, they still tend to exceed the WHO guidelines. More work is needed, and a larger focus on air pollution is essential.
Considering weather patterns is also important, as the WHO guidelines are based on an annual average. However, many regions experience seasonal pollution - especially in Central Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where dust from deserts can impact neighbouring regions.
While the report highlights a sombre reality, it also shows improvements can be made. Some countries and cities have made strides to decrease air pollution levels and have seen great success. Although further work is needed, we can lower local air pollution levels and, hopefully, global pollution too, with coordinated actions.
A recent study has highlighted how air pollution can impact children by finding links between air pollution and lung function growth in children. This long-term study started by measuring the lung function of children at birth back in 1994-1996. Lung function was then tested at ages eight, 16 and 24.
The study was conducted in Stockholm and didn’t focus on particular populations. Furthermore, the type of pollution was not separated, and the study instead focused on pollution as a whole (including PM2.5, PM10 and nitrogen oxides).
While the impacts of air pollution on lung growth weren’t large and equated to only a couple percent more lung function over 10 years, the impacts on a larger scale could be significantly larger, making the study findings important to act on.
Perhaps the most important finding is that a 2.19 μg/m3 decrease in PM2.5 exposure in children leads to a 20% lower risk of having clinically-impaired lung function.
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We spend as much as 90% of our time indoors, yet despite causing as many deaths as outdoor air pollution globally, there is very little awareness and improvements being made regarding indoor air pollution. This is largely due to the absence of legally enforceable indoor air quality standards.
So, what can policymakers do to protect us from indoor air pollution and ensure we stay safe? Well, the first step to take is to discover what’s harmful. Indoor air pollution includes various pollutants, from PM2.5 and PM10 to VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and mould. A set of metrics for indoor air quality needs to be devised to predict effects, limit exposures, and control emissions.
Secondly, it’s important to identify how indoor air pollutants form and accumulate. While we often think of the source as the primary way pollutants accumulate, there are other vital factors to consider, such as the concentration of outdoor pollutants, the amount of airflow, and the dimensions of the indoor space. These are not all easily measured, and this step could prove challenging.
Perhaps the biggest difference from outdoor air quality is how much indoor air quality can vary locally. While outdoor ambient pollution tends to remain consistent in an area, indoor air pollution can vary greatly from room to room. As such, the effects of local variations must also be researched and discussed.
Finally, policymakers need to understand the best ways to improve indoor air quality and back this with science-based advice. As with many things, improving indoor air quality requires constant research and collaboration to discover and share the best practices.
With how much awareness has risen surrounding outdoor air pollution over the past couple of decades, there is no reason we can’t build the same awareness around indoor air pollution, which is equally as harmful.
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The article references a study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, which compared the infection risk of two individuals (the infected and susceptible individual) wearing a range of different mask and respirator combinations.
In the study, FFP2 masks (which are referred to as N95 in the article) were compared to surgical masks. In the end, three different combinations were tested; both individuals wearing a surgical mask, both wearing an FFP2 respirator without a nosepiece, and both wearing an FFP2 respirator with a nose piece.
The results are fascinating - when both individuals wear surgical masks, there is a 10.4% infection risk for the susceptible individual after 20 minutes of speaking. With FFP2 respirators without a nosepiece, this chance drops to 4.2%. Finally, if both individuals wear an FFP2 respirator with a nosepiece, this drops greatly to only 0.14%.
This means it will take around 25 hours for an infectious dose of COVID-19 to transmit between the two if they are wearing non-fitted FFP2 (or equivalent) respirators. However, what’s truly amazing is that it takes around 2500 hours for an infectious dose to be transmitted with fit-tested respirators.
So, what can we conclude from this article? Well, surgical and poorly fitting masks decrease infection risk, but you still have a 4-10% chance of catching COVID in such a situation. An FFP2 or equivalent, on the other hand, drops this chance to below 1% - even after 20 minutes of talking.
As we’ve already seen ample evidence pointing to the efficacy of high-performance masks and respirators, these results are hardly a surprise. However, they do emphasise the need for high-quality respiratory protection.
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Even in areas where air quality was within official limits, long-term exposure resulted in increased episodes of anxiety and depression. This suggests the need for stricter standards and regulations surrounding air pollution control. Recently, the WHO released stricter air quality guidelines, but even the United Kingdom’s proposed new guidelines allow for double the PM2.5 of the WHO guidelines.
What makes this study particularly notable is that while the link between air pollution and mental health disorders has been known and even proven previously, these studies were all carried out in regions where air pollution concentrations exceeded the limits. However, this new study has found that even exposure within the UK limits can lead to mental health issues.
While this study provides incredibly useful information regarding how air pollution impacts us, it would be interesting to see the data on a per-pollutant basis. While the link between air pollution and mental health is well-established, it would be interesting and helpful to learn which pollutants have the greatest link and which (if any) aren’t linked.
One thing is for sure - the more we research air pollution, the more harmful it becomes. Although we are discovering more links every day, there is still so much we don’t know about how air pollution impacts our health. For this reason, we must always do our best to protect ourselves from air pollution whenever possible.
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The study was conducted across 216 classrooms in over 20 schools in the Netherlands. In total, these classes were attended by around 5,500 students during a period of five school terms from 2018 to 2020.
The conclusion is perhaps not surprising but has finally been proven - exposure to poor indoor air quality before a test lead to significantly lower test results. In this case, a single standard deviation increase in the school-term average daily CO2 peak lead to a 0.11 standard deviation decrease in test results.
This study is particularly important, however, because it also accounted for other environmental factors that impact test scores. For example, particle air pollution, heat exposure, and school closings (interruptions to learning). Even with these factors considered, CO2 has a significant impact on test results.
While it wasn’t discussed in this study, it’s also been found that a higher daily average CO2 concentration in classrooms leads to increased absences over the course of a school term. This is particularly impactful because a higher number of days off per year is associated with lower overall grades too.
With more research discovering and explaining the impacts of carbon dioxide on our minds and bodies, it’s only a matter of time before CO2 monitors are required in more classrooms around the world.
]]>The aim of the new rules is to cut PM2.5 and NO2 concentration limits to 10ug/m³ and 20 ug/m³, respectively. These limits are significantly stricter than the current standards, which set the limits to 25ug/m³ and 40ug/m³.
This goal is aimed to be achieved by 2030, and the EU believes it will cut premature deaths from air pollution by at least 55%. However, even if this goal isn’t reached, a decrease in air pollution will lead to a significantly healthier population with fewer air-related health issues.
The new limits still aren’t as strict as the WHO’s air quality guidelines which recommend limits of 5ug/m³ PM2.5 and 10ug/m³ NO2. However, more stringent restrictions are a good step forward, even if they can be improved upon further later.
Currently, most capital cities in the EU exceed the new rules, and significant work will need to be done to lower the pollution in these cities within the new rules. However, countries and cities have already shown this can be done, and with good planning, it’s possible for even the most polluted EU cities to meet the new rules.
Although the EU has already done a good job of reducing pollution - between 1990 and 2019, public exposure to PM2.5 fell by almost 34% in Europe - there is still work to be done. These new rules are a great step towards creating a healthier environment for everyone.
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For many, one of the biggest attractions during the Lunar New Year is the fireworks displays put on by governments, organisations, and companies. However, while fireworks are often breathtaking to witness, they have a big downside that isn’t often considered.
This downside is air pollution. While it’s easy to think fireworks may not have a big impact on local air quality, findings from 2022 in Beijing have proven the opposite true. Last year, fireworks were banned in the Chinese capital for the Beijing Olympics that were taking place at the time.
In 2021, an average concentration of 289 micrograms of PM2.5 per cubic metre was recorded - a very high concentration regardless of the setting. However, in 2022, when fireworks were banned in the capital, the particle count only reached five micrograms per cubic metre.
This is the lowest recorded peak PM2.5 level during Lunar New Year's eve in Beijing since the government started recording air quality data nine years ago. While an improvement of five micrograms down from 289 might seem impressive, it’s even more telling compared to the 2016 and 2017 concentrations, which averaged over 600 micrograms per cubic metre.
Although this information points to fireworks as being significant contributors to air pollution, it’s important to strike a balance as not only do fireworks make for stunning visual spectacles, but without them, one of the biggest Lunar New Years traditions is lost.
So what should we do? Well, it's worth donning a mask during the evening of New Years eve or any other day of the year where fireworks are common. We can still enjoy fireworks, but we should do so responsibly!
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This information came to light after a recent University of Cambridge study found that the London Underground is polluted with metallic particles small enough to end up in the human bloodstream. Considering how many people use the London Underground daily, this finding is very worrying.
It is worth noting that we don’t know if the predominantly maghemite particles are harmful to human health. However, it seems likely they are best avoided. This is furthered by the fact that while maghemite makes up a large chunk of the pollution in the London Underground, it isn’t everything.
A different report found the metro in France had elemental and organic carbon particles alongside maghemite. While there isn’t enough data for a conclusive answer, data suggests the possibility of cardiovascular effects, inflammation and oxidative stress caused by the pollution.
While there is still a lot we don’t know about the pollution in metro and train systems, it’s best to avoid these particles whenever possible. This means donning a well-fitting high-performance mask such as an N95, KN95 or FFP2 mask. Furthermore, it’s best to stick to well-ventilated areas whenever possible.
]]>New York Times author Tariro Mzezewa recently wrote an article discussing precisely this, and she opens the article by discussing why we need to be cautious while travelling. Although we’ve been living with COVID for nearly three years, we have recently seen a rise in other viruses such as R.S.V and flu.
With a lack of masking mandates on flights and public transport, this triple threat of viruses is making travel a worrisome task. Thankfully, there are some steps we can take to minimise our risk of catching R.S.V, flu or COVID.
Of course, the most important step is masking. Although there are currently no mandates requiring masks on public transport, the CDC recommends wearing a high-quality mask or respirator both on public transport and in transport stations and centres.
Although planes have air-filtration systems, these are not active while the plane is grounded. Since even to-schedule flights often take 30 minutes to fill to capacity, this leaves ample time for travellers to become infected. As such, masking, even on planes, is highly recommended.
However, what type of mask should you be wearing? Well, Dr Marr, interviewed for the article, states that a high-quality mask such as an N95, KN95 or KN94 is the way to go. They are more effective than cloth or surgical masks and are widely available.
Masking isn’t our only form of protection. Using COVID tests and ensuring your vaccines are up-to-date also helps. However, there is no denying that wearing a mask while travelling is the most impactful way to protect ourselves.
Want to read more? Check out the full article on the New York times.
]]>In order to clear up some of the uncertainty regarding masks, Tina Donvito for BuzzFeed News discusses some common misconceptions about how masks work and why it’s important we still wear them today with the surge of the ‘tripledemic’ of flu, RSV and COVID.
Donvito begins by discussing droplets and how masks work at preventing droplets from becoming airborne. Since COVID is primarily spread via respiratory droplets, it’s important to prevent them from becoming airborne and wearing a mask is the best way to do this. If an infected individual wears a mask, many particles will be captured before having the opportunity to become airborne and therefore spread.
However, it’s likely that some particles will still escape the mask and become airborne - especially with many using cloth masks and poorly fitting surgical masks. In this case, it’s important for susceptible individuals also to wear a mask as these will filter the majority of particles before they are inhaled by the wearer. For this reason, the ideal scenario is that everyone wears a mask.
A respirator such as an N95 is the way to go for the best protection. These devices can filter far smaller aerosols and therefore provide a significantly higher degree of protection, whether worn by the infected or susceptible individual.
Ample science backs up both the efficacy of surgical masks and respirators in slowing and sometimes even preventing the spread of respiratory viruses. However, masking mandates have also been questioned, with articles on sites such as the New York Times questioning whether they are useful.
However, since these articles were published, further studies have shown how mask mandates work. A study by Yale and Stanford researchers in rural Bangladesh found that in a village where 43% of villagers wore masks, COVID cases dropped by 10% compared to a village where only 11% of people wore masks. For people over 60, this drop increased to 35%.
Donvito finally tackles the subject of which masks should be worn. Earlier in the pandemic, we saw all kinds of masks worn. From bandanas to cloth masks to surgical masks and respirators, you could find a wide range of masks worn on the street. Times have changed, though, and high-quality respirators are now readily available.
Since few people are wearing masks, it’s important to wear a respirator where possible. These devices have the ability to filter even ultrafine aerosols, and they will provide a level of protection above what a surgical mask can. While they do require fit-testing to provide the best protection, even a self-checked respirator provides far more protection than a surgical or cloth mask.
The BuzzFeed article also discusses more points such as when to cover up, and we recommend checking it out if you want to learn more!
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